The primary goal of an electoral system is to ensure that elections are conducted in a fair and democratic manner, allowing citizens to freely express their political preferences.

Proportional representation is often considered to be more effective in reducing political violence because it allows for a more diverse range of political parties to be represented in government, reducing the likelihood of any one party feeling marginalized or excluded.

First-past-the-post electoral systems are often criticized for leading to disproportionate representation, encouraging strategic voting, and making it difficult for new parties to gain representation.

Germany is often cited as an example of a country that has successfully implemented proportional representation, with a relatively low level of political violence and a diverse range of political parties represented in government.

Mixed-member proportional electoral systems combine the benefits of proportional representation and first-past-the-post systems, allowing for a more diverse range of political parties to be represented in government and making it easier for new parties to gain representation.

The United States uses a first-past-the-post electoral system, in which the candidate who receives the most votes in a given district wins the election.

Single transferable vote electoral systems can be complex and difficult to understand, can lead to unstable governments, and can make it difficult for new parties to gain representation.

The United Kingdom has been criticized for its use of a first-past-the-post electoral system, which has been blamed for the country's two-party system and the lack of representation for smaller parties.

Proportional representation electoral systems allow for a more diverse range of political parties to be represented in government, make it easier for new parties to gain representation, and can reduce political violence.

The European Union uses a proportional representation electoral system, which allows for a wide range of political parties to be represented in the European Parliament.

Mixed-member proportional electoral systems can be complex and difficult to understand, can lead to unstable governments, and can make it difficult for new parties to gain representation.

New Zealand is often cited as an example of a country that has successfully implemented mixed-member proportional electoral systems, with a relatively low level of political violence and a diverse range of political parties represented in government.

Single transferable vote electoral systems allow voters to rank candidates in order of preference, make it easier for new parties to gain representation, and can reduce political violence.

Ireland has been criticized for its use of a single transferable vote electoral system, which has been blamed for the country's high level of political instability and the lack of representation for smaller parties.

The main challenge in designing an electoral system that is both fair and effective in preventing political violence is balancing the need for representation with the need for stability, ensuring that all parties have an equal chance of winning elections, and preventing gerrymandering and other forms of electoral manipulation.