The single transferable vote (STV) is a voting method that allows voters to rank candidates in order of preference. Voters cast a single vote, and their vote is transferred to their next-preferred candidate if their first-choice candidate is eliminated.

The purpose of districting is to divide a geographical area into electoral districts, each of which elects one or more representatives to a legislative body. Districting is used to ensure that different population groups have equal representation in the legislative body.

Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that is designed to produce proportional representation of political parties in a legislative body. Under PR, the number of seats that a party wins is proportional to the number of votes that it receives.

Gerrymandering is the redrawing of electoral district boundaries to favor a particular political party or group. This can be done by packing voters of one party into a few districts, or by cracking them across multiple districts.

The United States presidential election uses the first-past-the-post voting method. In this system, the candidate who receives the most votes in each state wins all of that state's electoral votes.

Apportionment is the process of allocating seats in a legislative body to different regions or groups. This is typically done based on population size, but other factors, such as geography or political representation, may also be considered.

The United Kingdom House of Commons uses the first-past-the-post voting method. In this system, the candidate who receives the most votes in each constituency wins the seat.

Redistricting is the process of redrawing electoral district boundaries. This is typically done every 10 years in the United States, after the census.

The German Bundestag uses a proportional representation electoral system. Under this system, the number of seats that a party wins is proportional to the number of votes that it receives.

Electoral manipulation is the manipulation of electoral rules or procedures to favor a particular political party or group. This can include things like gerrymandering, voter suppression, and electoral fraud.

The French National Assembly uses a two-round system. In this system, voters cast their votes for candidates in the first round. If no candidate receives a majority of the votes, the top two candidates advance to a second round, where the candidate who receives the most votes wins.

Apportionment is the process of determining the number of seats that each state or region will have in a legislative body. This is typically done based on population size, but other factors, such as geography or political representation, may also be considered.

The Indian Lok Sabha uses the first-past-the-post voting method. In this system, the candidate who receives the most votes in each constituency wins the seat.

Districting is the process of dividing a geographical area into electoral districts. This is typically done every 10 years in the United States, after the census.

The Canadian House of Commons uses the first-past-the-post voting method. In this system, the candidate who receives the most votes in each constituency wins the seat.