Music analysis aims to understand how a musical piece is constructed, including its elements such as melody, harmony, rhythm, and form.

Historical analysis is not a common approach to music analysis, as it focuses on the historical context and background of a musical piece rather than its musical structure and elements.

Recapitulation is the term for the repetition of a musical phrase or section, often in a modified or varied form.

The exposition is the section of a sonata-allegro form that presents the main themes of the piece.

The development is the section of a sonata-allegro form that develops and transforms the main themes of the piece.

The recapitulation is the section of a sonata-allegro form that restates the main themes in their original keys.

The coda is the final section of a sonata-allegro form that provides a sense of closure.

Harmony is the term for the simultaneous sounding of two or more notes.

Harmony is the term for the vertical arrangement of pitches in a chord.

Melody is the term for the horizontal arrangement of pitches in a melody.

Rhythm is the term for the regular pulse or beat in music.

Texture is the term for the overall sound quality or character of a musical piece.

Texture is the term for the combination of melody, harmony, and rhythm in a musical piece.

Counterpoint is the term for the simultaneous sounding of two or more independent melodies.

Musicology is the term for the study of the relationship between music and other disciplines, such as literature, history, and philosophy.