Which ancient civilization is renowned for its advanced astronomical knowledge and the construction of Stonehenge?

In ancient Mesopotamia, which celestial body was associated with the god Marduk?

Which Greek philosopher proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun at the center?

In the Ptolemaic model of the universe, what was the outermost sphere believed to contain?

Which medieval Islamic astronomer developed a geocentric model that incorporated observations and mathematical calculations?

The heliocentric model of the solar system was championed by which Polish astronomer in the 16th century?

In the 17th century, which Italian astronomer faced persecution for his support of the heliocentric model and his observations of Jupiter's moons?

Which 18th-century English astronomer proposed a theory of universal gravitation, explaining the motion of celestial bodies?

The discovery of which planet in the 19th century challenged the prevailing nebular hypothesis of planetary formation?

Which 20th-century astronomer's observations of variable stars led to the understanding of the expanding universe?

The discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in the 1960s provided strong evidence for which cosmological theory?

Which 21st-century space telescope has revolutionized our understanding of the early universe and the formation of galaxies?

The detection of gravitational waves in 2015 confirmed a key prediction of which theory of gravity?

The discovery of exoplanets, planets outside our solar system, has raised questions about the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Which space mission is specifically designed to search for signs of life on exoplanets?

The study of the origin and evolution of the universe is known as: