Banking regulation and supervision aims to ensure that banks operate in a safe and sound manner, protecting the interests of depositors, creditors, and the overall financial system.

The Federal Reserve System is the primary regulator and supervisor of banks in the United States.

Open market operations are the primary tool used by central banks to implement monetary policy. They involve buying and selling government securities in the open market to influence the money supply and interest rates.

Bank capital requirements are designed to ensure that banks have sufficient funds to absorb losses and protect depositors in the event of financial distress.

Deposit insurance is a key component of banking regulation and supervision, as it protects depositors from losses in the event of a bank failure, thereby promoting financial stability.

Stress testing is used in banking regulation and supervision to assess the resilience of banks to financial shocks and to identify banks that are at risk of failure.

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is a global standard-setting body for banking regulation and supervision, consisting of central bank governors and heads of banking supervision from around the world.

The three pillars of the Basel Accords are minimum capital requirements, supervisory review process, and market discipline.

The Financial Stability Board is an international body that promotes financial stability and reduces systemic risk by coordinating financial regulation and supervision and providing early warning of financial crises.

The International Monetary Fund plays a role in banking regulation and supervision by providing financial assistance to countries in financial distress, promoting financial stability and economic growth, and providing technical assistance to countries in developing their financial systems.

The main challenges facing banking regulation and supervision in the 21st century include the increasing complexity and interconnectedness of the financial system, the rise of fintech and digital banking, and the growing importance of shadow banking.

Recent trends in banking regulation and supervision include increased focus on systemic risk, greater use of macroprudential tools, and enhanced cooperation between regulators.

The main objectives of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act are to prevent future financial crises, protect consumers from predatory lending practices, and increase transparency and accountability in the financial system.

The Volcker Rule is a provision of the Dodd-Frank Act that prohibits banks from engaging in proprietary trading, which is the practice of trading for the bank's own account rather than on behalf of clients.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is an agency created by the Dodd-Frank Act to protect consumers from predatory lending practices and to ensure that they have access to fair and transparent financial products and services.