The Bank of England was the first central bank in the modern world, and its establishment marked a turning point in the history of finance.

Merchant banks played a crucial role in financing international trade by providing loans to merchants and facilitating the exchange of currencies.

Classical Economics, particularly the works of Adam Smith and David Ricardo, stressed the importance of saving and investment in driving economic growth.

The Great Depression was caused by a combination of factors, including the stock market crash, the failure of the banking system, and the collapse of international trade.

Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Glass-Steagall Act in 1933, which separated commercial and investment banking in the United States.

The Bretton Woods Conference aimed to establish a new international monetary system, create the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, and promote free trade.

Keynesian Economics, developed by John Maynard Keynes, emphasizes the role of government spending and fiscal policy in stimulating economic growth.

The Asian financial crisis was caused by a combination of factors, including a collapse in the value of the Thai baht, a lack of foreign exchange reserves, and high levels of foreign debt.

Barack Obama signed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in 2010, which aimed to prevent future financial crises.

Quantitative easing (QE) by central banks aims to increase the money supply, lower interest rates, and stimulate economic growth.

Monetarism, developed by Milton Friedman, emphasizes the importance of central bank independence and low inflation.

The 2008 financial crisis was caused by a combination of factors, including the subprime mortgage crisis, the collapse of the housing market, and the failure of major financial institutions.

Barack Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which aimed to stimulate the economy and create jobs during the Great Recession.

The Basel Accords aim to set capital requirements for banks, promote financial stability, and reduce systemic risk.

Endogenous Growth Theory, developed by Robert Lucas and Paul Romer, emphasizes the role of technological innovation and entrepreneurship in economic growth.