Water has the highest specific heat capacity among the given options, meaning it takes more energy to raise its temperature by 1 degree Celsius compared to the other materials.

Thermal conductivity measures the ability of a material to transfer heat through its particles, allowing heat to flow from hotter to colder regions.

Copper has the highest thermal conductivity among the given options, meaning it can transfer heat more efficiently than the other materials.

Thermal expansion refers to the increase in volume of a material when its temperature rises, causing its particles to move further apart.

The coefficient of thermal expansion quantifies the amount of expansion a material undergoes per unit change in temperature.

Aluminum has the highest coefficient of thermal expansion among the given options, meaning it expands more than the other materials when heated.

The thermal properties of a material are determined by its atomic structure, chemical composition, and density, which collectively affect its ability to store, transfer, and expand when heated.

The specific heat capacity of a material is influenced by its atomic mass, number of atoms, and molecular structure, which determine the amount of energy required to raise its temperature.

Thermal conductivity is affected by electron mobility, lattice vibrations, and atomic spacing, which collectively determine the ease of heat transfer through a material.

The coefficient of thermal expansion is determined by interatomic forces, atomic spacing, and molecular structure, which collectively affect the material's response to temperature changes.

Wood has the lowest thermal conductivity among the given options, meaning it is a poor conductor of heat.

Invar, an alloy of nickel and iron, has the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion among the given options, meaning it expands very little when heated.

Thermal properties of solids play a crucial role in heat transfer systems, energy storage devices, thermal insulation, and various other applications.

Density is not a thermal property of solids; it is a measure of mass per unit volume.

Thermal properties of solids can be altered through alloying, heat treatment, and microstructural changes, which affect the material's atomic structure and interatomic interactions.