C. V. Raman is widely regarded as the father of Indian physics for his groundbreaking work on the scattering of light, which earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.

S. N. Bose is known for his development of the Bose-Einstein statistics, which describes the behavior of particles with integer spin, known as bosons.

C. V. Raman is credited with the discovery of the Raman effect, which involves the inelastic scattering of light by molecules, leading to a change in its frequency.

M. N. Saha is known for his work on the Saha ionization equation, which describes the degree of ionization of atoms and molecules in a gas at a given temperature and pressure.

Homi J. Bhabha is known for his contributions to the theory of cosmic rays, including the development of the Bhabha scattering cross-section.

Homi J. Bhabha was the first director of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), which he established in 1945.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar is known for his work on the theory of black holes, including his calculation of the Chandrasekhar limit, which determines the maximum mass of a white dwarf star.

Yukawa Hideki, a Japanese physicist, is known for his development of the theory of the strong nuclear force, which describes the interactions between nucleons.

Abhay Ashtekar is known for his work on the theory of quantum gravity, including the development of loop quantum gravity.

Abhijit Banerjee, an Indian-American economist, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2019, along with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer, for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty.

Joseph Polchinski, an American physicist, is known for his work on the theory of supersymmetry, which proposes a symmetry between bosons and fermions.

Sheldon Glashow, an American physicist, is known for his development of the theory of the electroweak force, which unifies the electromagnetic and weak forces.

Albert Einstein, a German-born physicist, is known for his development of the theory of general relativity, which describes the relationship between gravity and the curvature of spacetime.

M. Visvesvaraya was the first director of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), which was established in 1909.