Deforestation is not an urban environmental issue because it is primarily associated with rural areas.

Air pollution in urban areas is caused by a combination of industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, and construction activities.

Increased property values are not a negative externality associated with urban air pollution.

Water pollution in urban areas is caused by a combination of industrial wastewater, municipal wastewater, and agricultural runoff.

Improved water quality is not a negative externality associated with urban water pollution.

Solid waste generation in urban areas is caused by a combination of residential waste, commercial waste, and industrial waste.

Increased recycling rates are not a negative externality associated with urban solid waste generation.

Traffic congestion in urban areas is caused by a combination of increased population density, increased car ownership, and inadequate transportation infrastructure.

Reduced traffic safety is not a negative externality associated with urban traffic congestion.

Urban sprawl is caused by a combination of increased population growth, increased demand for housing, and inadequate land use planning.

Increased sense of community is not a negative externality associated with urban sprawl.

The primary goal of urban environmental policy is to reduce urban environmental pollution, improve urban environmental quality, and promote sustainable urban development.

Public transportation subsidies are not an example of an urban environmental policy instrument.

The primary challenge in implementing urban environmental policy is a combination of lack of political will, lack of financial resources, and lack of public support.

Individuals can reduce their environmental impact in urban areas by reducing their consumption of goods and services, choosing environmentally friendly products and services, and supporting sustainable businesses and organizations.