Ocean waves are primarily generated by the transfer of energy from wind to the water surface, causing disturbances that propagate through the water.

The height and wavelength of ocean waves are primarily determined by the wind speed and the duration over which the wind blows.

Wave orbital motion refers to the circular or elliptical path that water particles follow as a wave passes through them.

Wave refraction is the process by which waves bend as they approach a shoreline due to changes in water depth.

Wave diffraction is the process by which waves spread out as they pass through an opening or around an obstacle.

Wave interference is the phenomenon that occurs when two or more waves meet and interact with each other, resulting in the superposition of their wave patterns.

Wave reflection is the process by which waves bounce back from a surface, such as a shoreline or a seawall.

Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.

The magnitude of tides is primarily influenced by the position of the moon relative to the Earth.

Spring tide is the highest high tide of the month, which occurs when the moon, Earth, and sun are aligned.

Neap tide is the lowest low tide of the month, which occurs when the moon is at right angles to the Earth and sun.

Perigean tide is the tide that occurs when the moon is closest to the Earth.

Apogean tide is the tide that occurs when the moon is farthest from the Earth.

Ocean waves and tides affect coastal environments in various ways, including erosion and deposition of sediment, formation of beaches and sandbars, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers.

Human activities such as construction of coastal structures, dredging of harbors and channels, and pollution of coastal waters can impact ocean waves and tides.