Edwin Lemert

Howard Becker

Erving Goffman

Thomas Scheff

Deviance is a result of social reactions to behavior.

Deviance is a product of individual pathology.

Deviance is a form of social control.

Deviance is a consequence of economic inequality.

Primary deviance

Secondary deviance

Stigmatization

Social control

Primary deviance is a minor offense, while secondary deviance is a serious crime.

Primary deviance is a private act, while secondary deviance is a public act.

Primary deviance is a one-time occurrence, while secondary deviance is a repeated pattern of behavior.

Primary deviance is a result of individual pathology, while secondary deviance is a result of social reactions.

Social stigma leads to social isolation.

Social stigma leads to discrimination.

Social stigma leads to self-fulfilling prophecies.

All of the above

Labeling theory is too deterministic.

Labeling theory ignores the role of individual agency.

Labeling theory is based on a narrow definition of deviance.

All of the above

Labeling theory has challenged traditional views of deviance.

Labeling theory has provided a new perspective on the role of social reactions in deviance.

Labeling theory has led to new policies and interventions aimed at reducing deviance.

All of the above

Getting into a fight at a bar

Being arrested for drug possession

Being labeled a 'troublemaker' by a teacher

Being fired from a job for misconduct

Being arrested for shoplifting

Being expelled from school for fighting

Being labeled a 'criminal' by the media

Being denied a job because of a criminal record

A sudden increase in public concern about a particular type of deviance.

A media-driven campaign to exaggerate the threat posed by a particular type of deviance.

A government crackdown on a particular type of deviance.

All of the above

The process by which deviance is amplified through media coverage.

The process by which deviance is amplified through social interactions.

The process by which deviance is amplified through legal sanctions.

All of the above

The process by which more and more people are drawn into the criminal justice system.

The process by which more and more people are labeled as deviant.

The process by which more and more people are subjected to social control.

All of the above

The tendency for certain groups of people to be more likely to be labeled as deviant than others.

The tendency for certain types of behavior to be more likely to be labeled as deviant than others.

The tendency for certain social contexts to be more likely to produce deviant behavior than others.

All of the above

The process by which a person's expectations about themselves or others lead to those expectations becoming reality.

The process by which a person's deviant label leads to them being treated in a way that makes them more likely to engage in deviant behavior.

The process by which a person's deviant label leads to them being discriminated against, which in turn leads them to engage in more deviant behavior.

All of the above

The process by which a person moves from engaging in primary deviance to engaging in secondary deviance.

The process by which a person becomes increasingly involved in deviant behavior over time.

The process by which a person's deviant label becomes more and more entrenched.

All of the above