Soil erosion can be caused by wind, water, gravity, or a combination of these factors.

Contour farming is a soil conservation practice that involves planting crops along the contour lines of a slope, rather than up and down the slope. This helps to slow down water flow and reduce erosion.

Mechanical soil conservation practices are physical structures or methods used to control soil erosion. Examples include contour farming, strip cropping, and terracing.

Rainwater harvesting is the process of capturing and storing rainwater for later use. This can be done through various methods, such as rooftop harvesting, rainwater tanks, and infiltration trenches.

Drip irrigation is a water-efficient irrigation method that delivers water directly to the roots of plants. Benefits of drip irrigation include reduced water usage, improved crop yields, and reduced soil erosion.

A watershed is an area of land that drains into a river or stream. Watersheds are important for managing water resources and preventing soil erosion.

Non-point source pollution refers to pollution that comes from many diffuse sources, rather than from a single point. Agricultural runoff is a major non-point source of water pollution, as it can carry fertilizers, pesticides, and sediment into waterways.

Water filtration, water purification, and water treatment are all processes that remove sediment and other pollutants from water. These processes can be used to make water safe for drinking, irrigation, or other purposes.

Crop rotation, cover cropping, and no-till farming are all sustainable agricultural practices that help to conserve soil and water. These practices can help to reduce erosion, improve soil health, and increase water infiltration.

The primary goal of soil and water conservation engineering is to protect soil and water resources, increase agricultural productivity, and reduce the risk of natural disasters.