Open-pit mining involves the removal of large amounts of soil and rock, resulting in significant land degradation and habitat loss.

Fossil fuel extraction processes, such as coal mining and oil drilling, release various pollutants, including carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and mercury, into the environment.

Mountaintop removal mining involves the removal of entire mountaintops to access coal seams, resulting in extensive deforestation and habitat destruction.

Placer mining, which involves the extraction of minerals from riverbeds, often leads to water pollution due to the release of sediment and contaminants into water bodies.

The extraction of rare earth elements often generates large amounts of radioactive waste, posing significant environmental and health risks.

Underground mining can lead to the formation of acidic water, known as acid mine drainage, which can contaminate water sources and harm aquatic ecosystems.

The extraction of oil from tar sands involves the removal of large amounts of soil and vegetation, resulting in significant land degradation and habitat loss.

Fracking, a technique used to extract natural gas from underground, can lead to water contamination due to the release of chemicals and wastewater into water sources.

Coal extraction and combustion release significant amounts of air pollutants, including particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, contributing to air pollution and respiratory health issues.

Gold mining often involves the use of chemicals, such as mercury and cyanide, which can contaminate water sources and harm aquatic ecosystems.

Copper mining and processing can result in significant land degradation due to the removal of large amounts of soil and rock, as well as the generation of waste rock and tailings.

Iron ore mining and processing can generate acidic wastewater, which can contaminate water sources and harm aquatic ecosystems.

Diamond mining often involves the removal of large amounts of soil and rock, resulting in significant land degradation and habitat loss.

Lithium mining and processing can lead to water pollution due to the release of chemicals and wastewater into water sources.

Cobalt mining and processing can result in significant land degradation due to the removal of large amounts of soil and rock, as well as the generation of waste rock and tailings.