Tundra is characterized by the presence of permafrost, which is a layer of soil that remains frozen for at least two consecutive years.

Tundra is found in the polar regions of the Earth, including the Arctic and Antarctic.

Tundra biomes experience extremely cold temperatures, with an average range of -30°C to -10°C.

Tundra vegetation is characterized by low-growing shrubs, mosses, and lichens, adapted to the harsh climate.

Snowmelt is the primary source of water in tundra regions, as precipitation is often limited and frozen for much of the year.

Polar bears are iconic tundra animals, known for their thick fur and ability to survive in the harsh Arctic conditions.

The extreme cold temperatures and short growing season pose significant challenges for survival in the tundra.

Oil and gas extraction activities can disrupt the fragile tundra environment and harm wildlife.

Thaw refers to the melting of permafrost due to increasing temperatures, leading to various environmental consequences.

The Paris Agreement includes provisions to address climate change and protect vulnerable ecosystems like the tundra.

The extreme cold, short growing season, and limited resources contribute to the low biodiversity in tundra regions.

Arctic terns are renowned for their incredible migrations, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year.

Cryosols are soils found in cold regions, including the tundra, and are characterized by a thick organic layer and permafrost.

The Inuit people have a rich cultural heritage and traditional lifestyle adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic tundra.

Subsistence hunting and fishing are traditional economic activities for indigenous communities in the tundra, providing food and resources.