The Nyaya-Vaiseshika school is renowned for its contributions to epistemology and logic, emphasizing the importance of valid knowledge and logical reasoning in understanding the world.

The Nyaya-Vaiseshika school recognizes four pramanas (sources of valid knowledge): perception, inference, testimony, and analogy.

The Nyaya theory of inference revolves around the concept of vyapti, which refers to the invariable concomitance between a probans (sadhana) and a subject of inference (paksa).

In the Vaiseshika system, substance (dravya) is one of the six fundamental categories of existence, along with quality, action, universality, particularity, and inherence.

The Nyaya-Vaiseshika school primarily aims to understand the nature of reality, explore the sources of valid knowledge, and establish a sound logical framework for philosophical inquiry.

The Nyaya-Vaiseshika school generally attributes evil to the actions of individuals, emphasizing the role of free will and personal responsibility in shaping one's destiny.

In the Nyaya-Vaiseshika school, dharma refers to ethical duties and obligations, encompassing moral principles and virtuous conduct.

The Nyaya-Vaiseshika school generally maintains an agnostic stance on the question of the existence of God, focusing instead on the exploration of the natural world and the principles of logic.

The Nyaya-Vaiseshika school remains relevant in contemporary times due to its contributions to logical reasoning, its exploration of the nature of reality, and its insights into ethical theories and moral values.

Pratyaksa (direct perception) is a fundamental concept in the Nyaya theory of perception, emphasizing the immediate and unmediated knowledge gained through the senses.

The Nyaya-Vaiseshika school distinguishes between real universals (jati), which are inherent in substances, and nominal universals (samanya), which are mental constructs used for classification and communication.

Anumana (inference) is considered a primary source of valid knowledge in the Nyaya-Vaiseshika system, allowing for the derivation of new knowledge from established facts.

The Nyaya-Vaiseshika school generally holds that free will and determinism are compatible, allowing for both individual agency and the influence of external factors on human actions.

Abhava (absence) is recognized as a fundamental category of existence in the Nyaya-Vaiseshika system, encompassing various types of negation and playing a crucial role in logical reasoning.