Epilepsy is a common childhood neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures are sudden, uncontrolled bursts of electrical activity in the brain that can cause a variety of symptoms, including loss of consciousness, jerking movements, and confusion.

Spastic cerebral palsy is the most common type of cerebral palsy, accounting for about 70% of cases. It is characterized by muscle stiffness and spasticity, which can affect movement and coordination.

Autism spectrum disorder is a complex developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests. These symptoms can range from mild to severe and can affect a person's ability to function in everyday life.

Down syndrome is the leading genetic cause of intellectual disability, accounting for about 10% of cases. It is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 and is characterized by a range of physical and intellectual disabilities.

Stroke is a common neurological complication of sickle cell disease, occurring in about 10% of patients. It is caused by the formation of blood clots in the blood vessels of the brain, which can lead to brain damage and disability.

Medulloblastoma is the most common type of brain tumor in children, accounting for about 20% of all childhood brain tumors. It is a malignant tumor that arises from the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls coordination and balance.

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms. Common symptoms of meningitis include headache, fever, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light.

Herpes simplex encephalitis is the most common type of encephalitis in children, accounting for about 50% of all cases. It is caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and can lead to severe brain damage and disability.

Guillain-Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system. It can cause weakness in the legs, arms, and respiratory muscles, as well as difficulty breathing and double vision.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common type of muscular dystrophy in children, affecting about 1 in 3,500 boys. It is a progressive muscle-wasting disorder that typically begins in early childhood and leads to severe disability and death by the early 20s.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a genetic disorder that causes the growth of tumors along the nerves. Common symptoms include cafe-au-lait spots (light brown patches on the skin), neurofibromas (tumors that grow on the nerves), and Lisch nodules (small, white bumps on the iris of the eye).

Myelomeningocele is the most common type of spina bifida, accounting for about 85% of cases. It is a severe birth defect in which the spinal cord and its protective membranes protrude through an opening in the back.

Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Common symptoms include enlarged head, bulging fontanelle (the soft spot on the top of a baby's head), and vomiting.

Ischemic stroke is the most common type of childhood stroke, accounting for about 80% of cases. It is caused by a blockage of blood flow to the brain, which can lead to brain damage and disability.

Concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury that can be caused by a blow to the head. Common symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, and confusion.