Filtration is a primary treatment process that removes suspended solids and impurities from wastewater using a filter media.

Coagulation and flocculation are used to destabilize and aggregate suspended particles, making them easier to remove in subsequent treatment steps.

Chlorination is a widely used disinfection method in municipal water treatment due to its effectiveness against a broad spectrum of microorganisms.

Sedimentation allows suspended solids to settle out of the water, facilitating their removal.

Reverse osmosis is a pressure-driven process that separates dissolved solids from water by forcing it through a semipermeable membrane.

Activated carbon adsorption is effective in removing organic contaminants, pesticides, and other trace pollutants from water.

Ion exchange is a process that removes hardness-causing ions (calcium and magnesium) from water, replacing them with sodium or potassium ions.

pH adjustment is essential to optimize the efficiency of various treatment processes and to ensure the water meets regulatory standards.

Chemical precipitation involves adding chemicals to water to form insoluble precipitates, which are then removed through sedimentation and filtration.

Aeration is used to increase the dissolved oxygen content in water, which is essential for biological treatment processes and to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Granular activated carbon adsorption is effective in removing disinfection byproducts, such as trihalomethanes (THMs), from water.

Backwashing is a process of reversing the flow of water through a filter to remove accumulated solids and impurities, restoring its filtration capacity.

Ion exchange is a process that removes fluoride ions from water by exchanging them with hydroxide ions.

Disinfection is a critical step in water treatment to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and ensure the safety of drinking water.

Activated carbon adsorption is effective in removing taste and odor compounds, such as geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), from water.