Cubic, hexagonal, and tetragonal are all types of crystal lattice structures, which are regular arrangements of atoms, molecules, or ions in a solid material.

Phase transition is the process of converting a material from one phase to another, such as from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a technique used to characterize the surface composition of a material by measuring the binding energies of core electrons.

Portland cement is primarily composed of calcium silicate, which is responsible for its strength and durability.

Copper is known for its high electrical conductivity, making it a widely used material in electrical applications.

Electrochromic materials exhibit a change in their optical properties, such as color or transparency, when exposed to an electric field.

Platinum is a commonly used catalyst in chemical reactions due to its high activity and selectivity.

Compositing is the process of forming a composite material by combining two or more different materials, such as a polymer matrix and a reinforcing fiber.

Diamond is known for its exceptionally high thermal conductivity, making it a valuable material for heat dissipation applications.

Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a strong attraction to magnetic fields and can be permanently magnetized.

Silicon is the most widely used semiconductor material in electronic devices due to its abundance, low cost, and well-established processing techniques.

Quenching is the process of rapidly cooling a liquid metal to prevent the formation of a crystalline structure, resulting in a solid with a fine-grained microstructure.

Carbon fiber is known for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, making it a valuable material in applications where lightweight and high strength are required.

Photoconductive materials exhibit a change in their electrical resistance when exposed to light, making them useful in optoelectronic devices such as photodetectors and solar cells.

Yttrium-barium-copper oxide (YBCO) is a commonly used superconductor with a high critical temperature, making it suitable for various applications such as high-speed trains and medical imaging.