Criminalization is the process by which individuals become involved in criminal behavior, often as a result of social, economic, and cultural factors.

Social Control Theory proposes that criminal behavior is a result of a lack of social control, such as weak family ties, poor parenting, and inadequate socialization.

Strain Theory suggests that criminal behavior is caused by economic inequality and the resulting strain experienced by individuals who are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate means.

Differential Association Theory proposes that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others who engage in criminal activities.

Desistance is the process by which individuals disengage from criminal behavior, often as a result of changes in their social circumstances, values, or beliefs.

Labeling Theory suggests that society's reaction to deviant behavior, such as labeling individuals as criminals, can reinforce deviant behavior and lead to further criminal involvement.

Biosocial Theory proposes that criminal behavior is influenced by a combination of biological factors, such as genetics and brain chemistry, and social factors, such as poverty and social inequality.

Socialization is the process by which individuals adopt the values and norms of a particular group or society, including criminal subcultures.

Social Learning Theory suggests that individuals learn criminal behavior through observation and imitation of others who engage in criminal activities.

Social exclusion is the process by which individuals are stigmatized and excluded from society as a result of their criminal behavior, leading to social isolation and marginalization.

Conflict Theory proposes that criminal behavior is a result of social inequality and the conflict between different social classes.

Neutralization is the process by which individuals rationalize their criminal behavior, often by denying the harm caused by their actions or by blaming others.

Routine Activities Theory suggests that criminal behavior is a result of the convergence of three factors: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and lack of capable guardians.

Criminalization is the process by which individuals are labeled as criminals by society, often through the application of criminal laws and the criminal justice system.

Cultural Deviance Theory proposes that criminal behavior is a result of cultural values and beliefs that support or tolerate deviant behavior.