The Heliocentric Theory, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, challenged the geocentric model of the universe, which placed Earth at the center.

Galileo Galilei is widely regarded as the father of modern science for his contributions to the scientific method and his observations of the solar system.

The discovery of radioactive decay and the concept of half-life allowed scientists to determine the age of rocks and fossils, providing insights into the Earth's and universe's age.

The Theory of Evolution, proposed by Charles Darwin, explains how species change over time through natural selection and adaptation to their environment.

Scientific advancements in understanding the human body and its functions challenged traditional religious beliefs about the soul and its existence after death.

The Big Bang Theory explains the origin and evolution of the universe from a single point of immense density and heat.

Scientific discoveries about the solar system and other planets challenged the religious belief that Earth was the center of the universe and the only inhabited world.

Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment, including the flow of energy and matter through ecosystems.

Scientific advancements in genetics and DNA analysis challenged the traditional religious belief of a single human ancestor and provided insights into human diversity and evolution.

Quantum Theory describes the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic level, providing insights into the fundamental nature of reality.

Scientific advancements in understanding the human brain and its functions challenged the traditional religious belief of a non-physical mind and provided insights into the biological basis of consciousness.

Cosmology is the scientific study of the origin, evolution, and structure of the universe, including the Big Bang Theory and the properties of galaxies and cosmic structures.

The scientific understanding of plate tectonics challenged the traditional religious belief of a static Earth and provided insights into the dynamic nature of the Earth's surface and the causes of natural disasters.

The Theory of Relativity, developed by Albert Einstein, explains the relationship between mass, energy, and the curvature of spacetime, providing insights into the nature of gravity and the behavior of objects in extreme conditions.

Scientific advancements in understanding the Earth's geological history and the fossil record challenged the traditional religious belief of a recent creation and provided insights into the long history of life on Earth and the process of evolution.