Kafka's novel explores the theme of existential alienation and the absurdity of life by presenting a protagonist who is caught in a nightmarish bureaucratic system that he cannot comprehend. This reflects the author's belief that the world is fundamentally incomprehensible and that human existence is often characterized by a sense of meaninglessness and alienation.

Borges' story presents a library that contains every possible book that can be written, creating an infinite repository of knowledge. This vastness overwhelms the characters and symbolizes the incomprehensible nature of the universe, which humans can only partially glimpse and understand.

Beckett's play presents two characters, Vladimir and Estragon, who are waiting for a mysterious figure named Godot. However, Godot never arrives, leaving the characters in a state of perpetual waiting and uncertainty. This waiting becomes a metaphor for the futility of human existence and the search for meaning in a seemingly meaningless world.

Raskolnikov's crime, the murder of an old pawnbroker, forces him to confront the nature of reality and morality. He begins to question whether there are objective moral values or if morality is subjective and dependent on individual perspectives. He also struggles with the consequences of his actions and the guilt and remorse that follow.

The lighthouse in Woolf's novel becomes a symbol of the connection between the past and the present, and the enduring nature of memory. It serves as a focal point for the characters' reflections on their lives, their relationships, and the passage of time. The lighthouse also represents the unattainability of perfection and the futility of human aspirations, as it remains distant and elusive despite the characters' attempts to reach it.