Remote sensing involves collecting data about the Earth's surface using sensors mounted on satellites, aircraft, or drones.

Data preprocessing is the process of preparing raw data for GIS analysis, which includes tasks such as data cleaning, transformation, and integration.

Shapefile is a widely used vector data format in GIS, consisting of multiple files storing geometry, attribute data, and spatial reference information.

Data cleaning involves identifying and correcting errors, inconsistencies, and missing values in spatial data.

Projected Coordinate System (PCS) is a type of coordinate system that transforms geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) into a planar coordinate system, such as UTM or AEA.

Rasterization is the process of converting vector data, which represents features as points, lines, and polygons, into raster data, which represents features as a grid of cells.

Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) is a common method for interpolating spatial data, where the values at unknown locations are estimated based on the values at known locations, with closer points having a greater influence.

Data integration involves combining data from different sources into a single dataset, often with the goal of creating a more comprehensive and accurate representation of the real world.

Maps are a common method for visualizing spatial data, allowing users to explore the geographic distribution of features and their relationships.

Data analysis involves extracting meaningful information from spatial data through statistical analysis, modeling, and visualization techniques.

ArcGIS is a widely used commercial GIS software that provides a comprehensive set of tools for data acquisition, preprocessing, analysis, and visualization.

Vectorization is the process of converting raster data, which represents features as a grid of cells, into vector data, which represents features as points, lines, and polygons.

Heads-Up Digitizing is a method of digitizing spatial data where the user traces features on a digital map or aerial photograph while viewing the real-world location on a separate monitor.

Attribute assignment involves assigning attributes, such as names, descriptions, and measurements, to spatial features.

ISO 19115 is a widely used international standard for creating metadata for spatial data, providing a comprehensive set of elements for describing the data's content, quality, and usage.