Mesopotamia, located in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, is widely regarded as the oldest civilization in the world, with its origins dating back to around 3500 BCE.

Ur was one of the most important cities in ancient Mesopotamia, located in present-day Iraq. It was a major center of trade and culture during the Sumerian period.

The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world's earliest civilizations, developed along the Indus River in present-day Pakistan and India.

The ancient Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River in present-day Egypt. The Nile provided water, fertile soil, and transportation routes, enabling the growth of a sophisticated civilization.

The Olmec Civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in Mesoamerica, flourished in the Gulf Coast region of present-day Mexico.

The Mesopotamians developed cuneiform, one of the earliest known forms of writing, using wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets.

The ancient Egyptians used hieroglyphics, a system of writing that employed a combination of logographic and alphabetic characters.

The Indus Valley Civilization demonstrated remarkable achievements in architecture, engineering, and town planning, including the construction of well-organized cities with sophisticated drainage systems.

The ancient Egyptians are renowned for their iconic pyramids, majestic temples, and enigmatic sphinxes, showcasing their architectural prowess and religious beliefs.

The Olmec Civilization left behind remarkable artifacts, including colossal stone heads, intricately carved stone altars, and finely crafted jade carvings, demonstrating their artistic and cultural achievements.

The Mesopotamians made significant contributions to mathematics and astronomy, developing a sexagesimal (base-60) system and using it for timekeeping, geometry, and astronomical calculations.

The ancient Egyptians created a solar calendar consisting of 365 days, divided into 12 months of 30 days each, with an additional five epagomenal days added at the end of the year.

The Indus Valley Civilization demonstrated remarkable achievements in urban planning, constructing cities with sophisticated sewerage systems, water management infrastructure, and well-organized streets and buildings.

The Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest known legal codes, was developed in ancient Mesopotamia during the reign of King Hammurabi.

The ancient Egyptians developed a sophisticated system of medicine, including treatments for various diseases and injuries, using herbal remedies, surgery, and other techniques.