Indian philosophy often views time as cyclical, with periods of creation, preservation, and destruction.

The Nyaya school considers time to be a fundamental substance, along with space, matter, and consciousness.

Advaita Vedanta posits that time is an illusion, or maya, and that the true nature of reality is timeless.

Indian philosophy utilizes various methods to measure time, including observing the movement of the sun, moon, and stars, as well as seasonal changes.

Kala encompasses the idea that time is an essential aspect of existence and is interwoven with the fabric of reality.

Nagarjuna, a prominent Buddhist philosopher, propounded the theory of satkaryavada, which challenges the notion of linear causality and suggests that the effect is already present in the cause.

Maya is a fundamental concept in Indian philosophy, particularly in Advaita Vedanta, and refers to the illusory nature of the phenomenal world, including time.

Dharmakirti, a renowned Buddhist philosopher, posited that time is a mental construct and does not exist independently of the mind.

Paramartha-satya represents the highest level of truth in Indian philosophy, transcending the limitations of conventional understanding and revealing the true nature of reality.

Jaina philosophers, particularly Mahavira and his followers, propounded the theory of anekantavada, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of reality and the importance of considering multiple viewpoints.

Nirvana is a central concept in Indian philosophy, particularly in Buddhism and Jainism, and encompasses liberation from suffering, union with the divine, and the attainment of enlightenment.

Abhinavagupta, a prominent Kashmiri Shaivite philosopher, maintained that time is an inherent aspect of reality and is not merely a mental construct or an illusion.

Samsara is a fundamental concept in Indian philosophy, particularly in Hinduism and Buddhism, and refers to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth that individuals experience until they attain liberation.

Vasubandhu, a renowned Buddhist philosopher, propounded the theory of svabhavavada, which asserts that all things possess an inherent nature or essence that determines their characteristics and behavior.

Moksha is a central concept in Indian philosophy, particularly in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and encompasses liberation from suffering, union with the divine, and the attainment of enlightenment.