Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are non-renewable energy sources because they are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years and cannot be replenished at a rate comparable to their consumption.

Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are designed to absorb sunlight and convert it directly into electrical energy through a process called the photovoltaic effect.

Batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors are all examples of energy storage technologies that can store electrical energy and release it when needed.

Wind turbines consist of blades that capture the wind's kinetic energy, a generator that converts this energy into electrical energy, and a tower that supports the entire structure.

Coal, natural gas, and oil are all types of fossil fuels, which are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years.

Hydroelectric dams serve multiple purposes, including generating electricity from the flow of water, controlling flooding by regulating water levels, and providing irrigation for agricultural purposes.

Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source that harnesses heat from the Earth's interior, typically from hot rocks or underground reservoirs of hot water or steam.

Nuclear reactors consist of fuel rods containing fissile material, control rods to regulate the nuclear reaction, and a reactor core where the nuclear fission process takes place.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a type of energy-efficient lighting technology that consumes less energy and lasts longer compared to traditional incandescent bulbs.

Transformers are used in electrical grids to increase or decrease voltage levels, allowing for efficient transmission and distribution of electricity over long distances.

Passive solar design, active solar design, and net-zero energy design are all approaches to energy-efficient building design that aim to minimize energy consumption and promote sustainable living.

Fuel cells consist of an anode, cathode, and electrolyte, which work together to generate electricity through electrochemical reactions involving hydrogen and oxygen.

Hydropower, tidal energy, and wave energy are all types of renewable energy sources that harness the movement of water to generate electricity.

Smart grids are designed to improve energy efficiency, reduce energy waste, and enable two-way communication between utilities and consumers, allowing for more efficient and sustainable energy management.

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a type of energy storage technology that involves compressing air and storing it in underground caverns or other suitable structures.