Light pollution from urban areas and industrial complexes is a major challenge for Indian astronomers, as it interferes with the observation of faint celestial objects.

Jayant Narlikar is an Indian astrophysicist and cosmologist who has made significant contributions to the study of dark matter, including proposing the theory of conformal gravity.

The Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO) is located in Hanle, Ladakh, and houses the largest optical telescope in India, with a diameter of 2 meters.

Abhas Mitra is an Indian astronomer who discovered the first extrasolar planet, PSR B1257+12 b, in 1992.

NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is an Indian space observatory that was launched in 2022. It is a joint mission between NASA and ISRO, and is designed to study the Earth's surface using synthetic aperture radar.

T. Padmanabhan is an Indian theoretical physicist and cosmologist who has made significant contributions to the study of the origin and evolution of galaxies.

Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) is an Indian astronomical observatory that is located in Nainital, Uttarakhand.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was an Indian-American astrophysicist who made significant contributions to the study of black holes, including the discovery of the Chandrasekhar limit.

Vainu Bappu Observatory (VBO) is an Indian astronomical observatory that is located in Kavalur, Tamil Nadu.

Govind Swarup was an Indian radio astronomer who made significant contributions to the study of the cosmic microwave background, including the discovery of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect.

AstroSat is an Indian space observatory that was launched in 2018. It is designed to study the universe in the ultraviolet, optical, and X-ray bands.

Vikram Sarabhai was an Indian physicist and astronomer who made significant contributions to the study of the formation of stars, including the development of the theory of stellar evolution.

Uttarakhand State Observatory (USO) is an Indian astronomical observatory that is located in Nainital, Uttarakhand.

Jayant Narlikar is an Indian astrophysicist and cosmologist who has made significant contributions to the study of the structure of the Milky Way, including the discovery of the Oort cloud.

AstroSat-2 is an Indian space observatory that is planned to be launched in 2023. It will be a more advanced version of the AstroSat observatory, with improved capabilities for studying the universe in the ultraviolet, optical, and X-ray bands.