Electricity generation, particularly from fossil fuel-powered plants, is the largest contributor to carbon emissions globally.

Carbon emissions, primarily in the form of carbon dioxide, accumulate in the atmosphere, leading to increased greenhouse gas concentrations and contributing to climate change.

In the United States, the transportation sector is the largest contributor to carbon emissions, primarily due to the use of fossil fuels in vehicles.

Environmental externalities refer to the economic costs or benefits that result from an economic activity but are not reflected in the market price of the goods or services produced.

The Paris Agreement is an international treaty adopted in 2015 that aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.

A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fossil fuels, which increases the cost of using these fuels and encourages the adoption of cleaner energy sources.

A cap-and-trade system sets a limit on the total amount of carbon emissions allowed and distributes permits to emitters. Emitters must either reduce their emissions or purchase permits from those who have reduced their emissions below the cap.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has experienced the most rapid growth in recent years, driven by declining costs and increasing government support.

Decarbonization refers to the process of reducing reliance on fossil fuels and transitioning to a low-carbon economy, often achieved through the adoption of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency measures.

Energy efficiency measures, such as improved insulation and more efficient appliances, can reduce the demand for energy, leading to lower carbon emissions.

Transportation is expected to see the most significant growth in carbon emissions in the coming decades, primarily due to the increasing demand for mobility and the continued reliance on fossil fuels in the sector.

Adaptation costs refer to the economic costs incurred to adapt to the impacts of climate change, such as building seawalls to protect coastal communities from rising sea levels.

Carbon pricing, whether through a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade system, increases the cost of carbon-intensive activities, encouraging businesses and consumers to reduce their carbon emissions.

The Green Climate Fund is a global fund created to provide financial assistance to developing countries for climate change adaptation and mitigation projects.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the international organization responsible for coordinating global efforts to address climate change.