The National Health Policy, 2017 is the primary legislation governing healthcare in India. It aims to provide comprehensive healthcare services to all citizens, with a focus on equity, affordability, and quality.

The Medical Council of India (MCI) is the statutory body responsible for regulating medical education in India. It sets standards for medical education, conducts examinations, and grants licenses to medical practitioners.

A doctor's legal duty towards their patients includes providing the best possible care, obtaining informed consent before treatment, and maintaining patient confidentiality.

The principle of informed consent in healthcare includes a patient's right to make decisions about their own medical care, a doctor's duty to provide all relevant information about a treatment, and a patient's right to refuse treatment.

A doctor can be held legally liable for medical negligence in both civil and criminal courts. In civil cases, the patient can sue the doctor for damages, while in criminal cases, the doctor may be charged with a crime.

The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 aims to regulate the manufacture, sale, and distribution of drugs and cosmetics, ensure their quality and safety, and prevent their adulteration.

The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 aims to provide mental healthcare services to persons with mental illness, protect their rights, and decriminalize suicide.

The main differences between a civil lawsuit and a criminal case in healthcare law are: 1) In a civil lawsuit, the patient sues the doctor for damages, while in a criminal case, the doctor is charged with a crime; 2) In a civil lawsuit, the burden of proof is on the patient, while in a criminal case, the burden of proof is on the prosecution; 3) In a civil lawsuit, the standard of proof is preponderance of the evidence, while in a criminal case, the standard of proof is beyond a reasonable doubt.

The Indian Medical Association (IMA) represents the interests of doctors in India, promotes ethical practices in the medical profession, and provides continuing medical education to doctors.

Patient confidentiality is important in healthcare law to protect the privacy of patients, build trust between patients and doctors, and prevent the misuse of patient information.

Medical negligence is defined as a doctor's failure to diagnose or treat a patient's condition properly, resulting in harm to the patient.

The common defenses to medical negligence claims are: 1) The doctor acted in accordance with the standard of care; 2) The patient's condition was not caused by the doctor's negligence; 3) The patient was contributorily negligent.

Expert witnesses in medical negligence cases provide testimony about the standard of care, explain the cause of the patient's injuries, and assess the damages suffered by the patient.

Patients who have been victims of medical negligence can seek remedies such as damages, injunctions, and criminal prosecution.

The challenges facing healthcare law in India today include the rising cost of healthcare, the shortage of healthcare professionals, and the lack of access to healthcare services in rural areas.