A semiconductor material is characterized by a large bandgap, which is the energy difference between the valence band and the conduction band. This bandgap determines the electrical and optical properties of the material.

In electromagnetism, the electric field is the gradient of the electric potential, which means that the electric field points in the direction of the greatest rate of change of the electric potential.

In a solid material, heat transfer primarily occurs through conduction, which is the transfer of heat energy through direct contact between particles.

A magnetic survey involves measuring the Earth's magnetic field to infer information about the subsurface geology and structures.

Generation is the process by which electrons move from the valence band to the conduction band in a semiconductor, typically due to the absorption of energy from an external source such as light or heat.

In electromagnetism, the magnetic flux density is proportional to the magnetic field, which means that the magnetic flux density increases as the magnetic field strength increases.

In a fluid, heat transfer primarily occurs through convection, which is the transfer of heat energy through the movement of the fluid.

A gravity survey involves measuring the Earth's gravitational field to infer information about the subsurface geology and structures.

Recombination is the process by which electrons move from the conduction band to the valence band in a semiconductor, typically due to the release of energy in the form of light or heat.

In electromagnetism, the electric displacement is proportional to the electric field, which means that the electric displacement increases as the electric field strength increases.

In a vacuum, heat transfer primarily occurs through radiation, which is the transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves.

Seismic refraction is a geophysical method that involves measuring the Earth's seismic waves to infer information about the subsurface geology and structures.

Generation is the process by which holes move from the valence band to the conduction band in a semiconductor, typically due to the absorption of energy from an external source such as light or heat.

In electromagnetism, the magnetic field is the curl of the magnetic vector potential, which means that the magnetic field lines are circles around the magnetic vector potential.

In a gas, heat transfer primarily occurs through convection, which is the transfer of heat energy through the movement of the gas.