The primary challenge in obtaining a representative sample is identifying the target population, which is the entire group of individuals about whom the survey aims to collect data.

Convenience sampling is most likely to result in a biased sample because it relies on selecting participants who are easily accessible, which may not accurately represent the target population.

Non-response bias occurs when a significant portion of the target population is unable to participate in the survey, leading to a sample that may not accurately represent the population's views.

All of the mentioned strategies can contribute to improving response rates in political surveys by making participation more appealing, convenient, and less time-consuming.

Interviewer bias is not a common source of bias in political surveys because interviewers are typically trained to remain neutral and objective during the survey process.

Interpreting the results of political surveys involves considering factors such as the accuracy of the data, the sampling error, and the representativeness of the target population.

Confidence interval is a statistical measure used to estimate the precision of a survey estimate by indicating the range within which the true population value is likely to fall.

Improving the accuracy of political surveys involves using a larger sample size, improving the sampling method, and reducing non-response bias.

Online surveys in political research face limitations such as low response rates, sampling bias due to the self-selection of participants, and lack of generalizability to the entire population.

Interviewer bias is not a challenge associated with conducting exit polls because interviewers are typically not involved in the survey process.

Evaluating the representativeness of a political survey sample involves comparing the sample demographics to the population demographics, using statistical weighting techniques, and increasing the sample size.

Focus groups are not a common method for collecting data in political surveys because they involve in-depth discussions with a small group of participants, which is not suitable for large-scale surveys.

Conducting political surveys in developing countries faces challenges such as low literacy rates, lack of infrastructure, cultural barriers, and difficulties in reaching remote areas.

Political surveys can be used to inform policy decisions by identifying public opinion on specific issues, evaluating the effectiveness of government policies, and predicting election outcomes.

Researchers conducting political surveys should consider ethical considerations such as protecting the privacy of participants, obtaining informed consent, and avoiding leading questions.