Thematic cartography aims to communicate spatial information effectively by using visual elements such as colors, symbols, and patterns.

Topographic maps are not typically considered thematic maps as they focus on representing the physical features of the Earth's surface, rather than specific themes or data.

Choropleth maps use colors or shades to represent the values of a quantitative variable for different geographic units, such as counties or states.

Dot maps use dots or symbols to represent the occurrence of a phenomenon at specific locations, making them suitable for visualizing the density or concentration of data points.

Isoline maps use lines to connect points of equal value, such as temperature or elevation, creating a visual representation of the flow or movement of a phenomenon.

Flow maps use arrows or lines to represent the direction and magnitude of movement between different locations.

Cartograms are thematic maps that distort the size or shape of geographic regions to emphasize a particular variable, such as population or economic activity.

Orientation is not typically considered a primary element of visual hierarchy in thematic cartography, as it refers to the overall layout and arrangement of map elements, rather than the visual properties of individual features.

Color is commonly used in thematic cartography to differentiate between different categories or values of a variable, making it easier for map readers to identify and compare data.

Complementary color schemes are not typically used in thematic cartography as they can create visual discomfort and make it difficult to distinguish between different data values.

Symbols are commonly used in thematic cartography to represent specific features or landmarks, such as cities, airports, or natural resources.

Volumetric symbols are not typically used in thematic cartography as they are difficult to represent on a two-dimensional map.

Patterns are commonly used in thematic cartography to differentiate between different categories or values of a variable, making it easier for map readers to identify and compare data.

Checkerboard patterns are not typically used in thematic cartography as they can be visually distracting and make it difficult to distinguish between different data values.

Text is commonly used in thematic cartography to label features or provide additional information, such as place names, population figures, or historical context.