Cytokines are signaling molecules that play a crucial role in regulating and coordinating the immune response. They act as messengers between immune cells, enabling communication and cooperation to mount an effective immune response.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a key cytokine that plays a central role in activating and stimulating T cells. It promotes T cell proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production, thereby enhancing the cellular immune response.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a potent cytokine that plays a crucial role in antiviral immunity and macrophage activation. It inhibits viral replication, activates macrophages to enhance phagocytosis and antigen presentation, and promotes the production of other cytokines and chemokines.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in initiating and amplifying the inflammatory response. It promotes the production of other inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, leading to the recruitment of immune cells, increased vascular permeability, and tissue repair.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in promoting humoral immunity. It stimulates antibody production by B cells, promotes class switching to produce different antibody isotypes, and enhances the survival and differentiation of B cells.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a key anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses and preventing excessive inflammation. It suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibits the activation of immune cells, and promotes immune tolerance.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in initiating and amplifying the inflammatory response. It promotes the production of other inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, leading to the recruitment of immune cells, increased vascular permeability, and tissue repair.

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells, a subset of helper T cells that are important for immune responses against extracellular bacteria and fungi. IL-23 also enhances the production of IL-17 and other cytokines by Th17 cells.

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in protecting epithelial cells and promoting tissue repair. It stimulates the production of antimicrobial peptides and mucins by epithelial cells, enhancing their defense against pathogens. IL-22 also promotes the production of cytokines and chemokines that recruit immune cells and facilitate tissue repair.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in promoting the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subset of T cells that suppress immune responses and maintain immune tolerance. TGF-β also inhibits the activation and proliferation of other immune cells, contributing to its immunosuppressive effects.

Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in suppressing immune responses and promoting immune tolerance. It inhibits the activation and proliferation of T cells, suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and promotes the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs).

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in promoting the differentiation of Th2 cells, a subset of helper T cells that are important for immune responses against helminths and allergens. IL-4 also enhances the production of antibodies, particularly IgE, by B cells.

Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in promoting the differentiation and activation of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell involved in immune responses against helminths and allergic reactions. IL-5 also enhances the survival and degranulation of eosinophils, contributing to their effector functions.

Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in promoting the differentiation of Th9 cells, a subset of helper T cells that are important for immune responses against helminths and extracellular parasites. IL-9 also enhances the production of antibodies, particularly IgA, by B cells.

Interleukin-25 (IL-25) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in promoting the differentiation of Th2 and Th9 cells, subsets of helper T cells that are important for immune responses against helminths and allergic reactions. IL-25 also enhances the production of antibodies, particularly IgE, by B cells.