Capital markets serve as a platform for businesses and governments to raise long-term funds through the issuance of stocks, bonds, and other securities.

Corporate bonds are long-term debt instruments issued by corporations to raise capital.

Investment banks play a crucial role in the capital markets by helping companies raise capital through the issuance of securities.

Trading refers to the buying and selling of securities in capital markets.

The pricing of securities in capital markets is influenced by a combination of factors, including interest rates, economic conditions, and the company's financial performance.

Stock exchanges serve as a central marketplace for the trading of stocks and other securities, while also regulating market activities and ensuring fair trading practices.

Stocks represent ownership in a company and entitle the holder to a share of the company's profits and assets.

An Initial Public Offering (IPO) is the process by which a company first sells its shares to the public.

Options are financial instruments that give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified price in the future.

Hedging involves using financial instruments to reduce or offset the risk of adverse price movements in the underlying asset.

Mutual Fund Companies pool the money of many investors and invest it in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, and other securities.

Speculation involves buying and selling securities with the intention of making a profit from short-term price movements.

Bonds are financial instruments that represent a loan made to a company or government, with the promise of repayment of the principal amount plus interest over a specified period.

Arbitrage involves buying and selling securities in large quantities to take advantage of short-term price inefficiencies.

Commercial Banks provide loans and other financial services to businesses and individuals.