Migration is the primary mechanism through which cultural exchange and diffusion occur, as it involves the movement of people from one culture to another, bringing their own cultural practices and beliefs with them.

Hierarchical diffusion is not a type of cultural diffusion, as it refers to the spread of cultural traits within a single society from higher social strata to lower social strata, rather than between different cultures.

Diffusion is the term used to describe the process by which cultural traits spread from one culture to another through direct contact, involving the adoption and adaptation of cultural elements by one culture from another.

The Expansion Diffusion Theory suggests that cultural traits spread from their point of origin in a series of concentric circles, with the trait becoming less common as the distance from the origin increases.

Transculturation is the term used to describe the process by which two cultures merge and form a new, distinct culture, involving the blending and adaptation of elements from both cultures.

All of the options provided are examples of cultural exchange, as they involve the sharing and adoption of cultural traits between different cultures.

Stimulus diffusion is the term used to describe the process by which cultural traits spread from one culture to another through indirect contact, such as through trade or media, where one culture inspires another to develop similar traits.

All of the options provided are examples of cultural diffusion, as they involve the spread and adoption of cultural traits from one culture to another.

Acculturation is the term used to describe the process by which a culture adopts and integrates elements from another culture while maintaining its own distinct identity, involving a two-way exchange of cultural traits.

The Relay Diffusion Theory suggests that cultural traits spread through a series of discrete jumps, rather than in a continuous manner, where a trait is adopted by a group of people in one location and then passed on to another group in a different location, and so on.

Assimilation is the term used to describe the process by which a culture completely absorbs another culture, resulting in the loss of the latter's distinct identity, involving the adoption of the dominant culture's values, beliefs, and practices.

The development of similar religious beliefs in different cultures is an example of stimulus diffusion, as one culture inspires another to develop similar beliefs and practices, without direct contact or borrowing.

Migration diffusion is the term used to describe the process by which cultural traits spread from one culture to another through the movement of people, as migrants bring their own cultural practices and beliefs to their new location.

The spread of fashion trends from celebrities to the general public is an example of hierarchical diffusion, as the trend starts with a small group of influential people (celebrities) and then spreads to the wider population.

Technological diffusion is the term used to describe the process by which cultural traits spread from one culture to another through the use of technology, such as the internet, television, and other forms of media.