Behaviorism, pioneered by John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner, focuses on the external, observable aspects of behavior and how it is influenced by environmental stimuli and reinforcements.

John B. Watson is credited with establishing Behaviorism as a dominant force in psychology in the early 20th century through his emphasis on observable behavior and the rejection of introspection.

Operant Conditioning, also known as instrumental conditioning, is a central concept in Behaviorism. It involves modifying behavior by reinforcing or punishing specific actions based on their consequences.

Classical Conditioning, introduced by Ivan Pavlov, refers to the process by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

Cognitive Psychology focuses on the study of internal mental processes and their influence on behavior. It explores how individuals perceive, process, and store information, and how these processes affect their thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Noam Chomsky are all influential figures in the development of Cognitive Psychology, contributing to our understanding of cognitive development, language acquisition, and the structure of human thought.

Perception refers to the process by which individuals receive sensory information from the environment, organize and interpret it, and assign meaning to it.

Humanistic Psychology, pioneered by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes the inherent goodness of humans and their potential for growth and self-actualization. It also recognizes the importance of social interactions and cultural factors in shaping individual experiences.

Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, and Viktor Frankl are all influential figures in the development of Humanistic Psychology, contributing to our understanding of self-actualization, personal growth, and the search for meaning in life.

Attention refers to the cognitive process of selectively focusing on specific information while ignoring others. It allows individuals to process relevant information and respond appropriately to their environment.

Gestalt Psychology, pioneered by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler, emphasizes the importance of perception and the organization of sensory information in understanding behavior. It focuses on how individuals perceive and organize elements into meaningful wholes.

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler are all influential figures in the development of Gestalt Psychology, contributing to our understanding of perceptual organization, figure-ground relationships, and the laws of perceptual grouping.

Memory refers to the cognitive process of storing and retrieving information over time. It allows individuals to learn from past experiences, retain knowledge, and make informed decisions.

Cognitive Psychology emphasizes the importance of problem-solving and the use of mental representations in understanding behavior. It explores how individuals mentally represent and manipulate information to solve problems, make decisions, and navigate their environment.

Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Noam Chomsky are all influential figures in the development of Cognitive Psychology, contributing to our understanding of cognitive development, language acquisition, and the structure of human thought.