Aryabhata, an eminent Indian mathematician and astronomer, is widely recognized as the father of Indian surveying due to his significant contributions to the field.

The Surya Siddhanta, an ancient Indian astronomical text, contains comprehensive descriptions of surveying techniques, including methods for measuring distances, angles, and elevations.

The plane table, a portable drawing board mounted on a tripod, is the primary instrument used in traditional Indian surveying for mapping and measuring distances and angles.

Aryabhata, known for his contributions to trigonometry, introduced the concept of the sine function and its application in surveying for calculating distances and angles.

Hasta, which translates to 'hand,' is the traditional Indian unit of measurement for length, equivalent to approximately 18 inches or 45.72 centimeters.

Baudhayana, an ancient Indian mathematician, formulated the concept of the Pythagorean theorem, known as the 'Baudhayana theorem,' around 800 BC.

In traditional Indian surveying, angles were measured using a quadrant, a quarter-circle instrument with graduated markings, allowing for precise angle measurements.

The Surya Siddhanta provides detailed instructions for constructing surveying instruments, including the plane table, quadrant, and measuring rods, essential for accurate surveying practices.

Colonel George Everest, a British surveyor, was the first to introduce the theodolite for surveying in India during the Great Trigonometrical Survey in the 19th century.

Aryabhata introduced the concept of the 'Jya' function, which is essentially the sine function, in his mathematical treatise, the Aryabhatiya.

In traditional Indian surveying, distances were measured using a chain, typically made of iron or bamboo, with standardized lengths for accurate measurements.

Brahmagupta developed the 'Kuttaka' method, a systematic algorithm for solving linear equations, which is considered a significant contribution to the field of mathematics.

In traditional Indian surveying, elevations were measured using a level, an instrument that establishes a horizontal reference plane for determining the height of objects or points.

Brahmagupta also developed the 'Chakravala' method, an iterative algorithm for solving indeterminate equations, which is considered a notable achievement in mathematics.