Angina is a type of chest pain that occurs when the blood flow to the heart is reduced. This can be caused by a number of factors, including atherosclerosis, heart valve disease, and coronary artery spasm.

The symptoms of angina can include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, and sweating.

Stable angina is the most common type of angina. It is characterized by chest pain or discomfort that occurs with exertion and goes away with rest.

Unstable angina is a type of angina that is more severe than stable angina. It is characterized by chest pain or discomfort that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion and does not go away with rest.

Variant angina is a type of angina that is caused by coronary artery spasm. This is a sudden tightening of the coronary arteries that can reduce blood flow to the heart.

Microvascular angina is a type of angina that is caused by small blood vessel disease in the heart. This can reduce blood flow to the heart and cause chest pain or discomfort.

The risk factors for angina include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and family history of heart disease.

Angina is diagnosed based on a physical exam, medical history, electrocardiogram (ECG), stress test, echocardiogram, and coronary angiography.

Angina is treated with medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery.

The medications used to treat angina include nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, statins, and aspirin.

The lifestyle changes that can help to treat angina include quitting smoking, losing weight, eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and managing stress.

The surgery used to treat angina is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

The prognosis for angina depends on the severity of the angina and the underlying cause.

The complications of angina include heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death.

Angina can be prevented by managing risk factors for heart disease, making healthy lifestyle choices, and having regular checkups with a doctor.