According to the World Health Organization, heart disease is the leading cause of death globally, accounting for an estimated 17.9 million deaths in 2016.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. This buildup can narrow the arteries and reduce blood flow to the heart, leading to chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms.

Smoking is the leading risk factor for coronary artery disease. It damages the blood vessels and increases the risk of plaque buildup in the arteries.

Cardiac catheterization is an invasive procedure in which a thin tube is inserted into an artery or vein and guided to the heart. This allows doctors to visualize the coronary arteries and identify any blockages or narrowing.

Medication is the most common treatment for coronary artery disease. Medications can help lower blood pressure, reduce cholesterol, prevent blood clots, and improve blood flow to the heart.

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a surgical procedure in which a blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted to the coronary artery beyond the blockage, creating a new pathway for blood to flow to the heart.

The American Heart Association recommends that adults limit their daily intake of saturated fat to less than 10 grams per day to reduce the risk of heart disease.

Aerobic exercise, such as walking, running, swimming, and cycling, is the most effective type of exercise for improving cardiovascular health. It strengthens the heart and lungs, lowers blood pressure, and reduces the risk of heart disease.

The American Heart Association recommends that adults maintain a blood pressure below 120/80 mmHg to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Hyperlipidemia is a condition in which there are high levels of cholesterol and other fats in the blood. High cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

The American Heart Association recommends that adults consume at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day to reduce the risk of heart disease.

Cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes enlarged, thickened, or stiff. This can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, and other heart problems.

Atherosclerosis, or the buildup of plaque in the arteries, is the leading cause of stroke. When plaque ruptures, it can block blood flow to the brain, causing a stroke.

Arrhythmia is a condition in which the heart beats too fast, too slow, or irregularly. This can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, and other symptoms.

The American Heart Association recommends that adults limit their daily intake of sodium to less than 2,000 milligrams per day to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.