Transliteration

Interpretation

Translation

Localization

J.R. Firth

Eugene Nida

Roman Jakobson

Walter Benjamin

Literal translation is more accurate while free translation is more creative.

Literal translation is more creative while free translation is more accurate.

Literal translation is more formal while free translation is more informal.

Literal translation is more informal while free translation is more formal.

The degree to which a translation conveys the meaning of the source text.

The degree to which a translation matches the style and tone of the source text.

The degree to which a translation is culturally appropriate for the target audience.

All of the above.

Literal translation

Free translation

Dynamic equivalence translation

Semantic translation

Finding equivalent idioms and cultural references in the target language.

Adapting idioms and cultural references to make them understandable to the target audience.

Omitting idioms and cultural references that are difficult to translate.

All of the above.

To act as a neutral conduit between the source and target languages.

To interpret and convey the meaning of the source text.

To adapt the source text to the cultural context of the target audience.

All of the above.

Context helps determine the meaning of words and phrases.

Context helps identify the intended audience of the source text.

Context helps translators understand the purpose and genre of the source text.

All of the above.

Machine translation is faster and more efficient.

Human translation is more accurate and reliable.

Machine translation is less expensive.

All of the above.

Translators should respect the author's intent and avoid censorship.

Translators should be transparent about their translation choices and methods.

Translators should ensure that their translations are accurate and unbiased.

All of the above.

Machine translation will replace human translation.

Translation studies will become more interdisciplinary.

Translation technology will continue to advance.

All of the above.

Translation helps bridge linguistic and cultural gaps.

Translation facilitates the exchange of ideas and knowledge across cultures.

Translation promotes empathy and tolerance among different cultures.

All of the above.

The increasing volume of digital content to be translated.

The need for translators to adapt to new technologies and platforms.

The demand for faster and more efficient translation processes.

All of the above.

Translation can make information and resources accessible to marginalized communities.

Translation can promote understanding and dialogue between different social groups.

Translation can challenge stereotypes and biases in society.

All of the above.

Translation helps document and transmit cultural traditions and knowledge.

Translation facilitates the revitalization of endangered languages.

Translation promotes cultural diversity and appreciation.

All of the above.