Cancer can be caused by genetic mutations, viral infections, environmental toxins, or a combination of these factors.

Differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized in their function. It is not a hallmark of cancer, which is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and invasion.

Oncogenes are mutated genes that promote cell growth and division. They can be activated by mutations, amplifications, or translocations.

Tumor suppressor genes are genes that suppress cell growth and division. They can be mutated or deleted in cancer cells, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.

Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels. It is essential for tumor growth and metastasis, as it provides the tumor with nutrients and oxygen.

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from one location to another. It is the most common cause of death from cancer.

Embryonic stem cells are not a type of cancer stem cell. Cancer stem cells are a small population of cells within a tumor that have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into different types of cancer cells.

The immune system can recognize and kill cancer cells. However, cancer cells can sometimes evade the immune system, leading to tumor growth.

Targeted therapy is not a type of cancer therapy. Targeted therapy is a type of drug therapy that targets specific molecules or pathways that are involved in cancer growth and survival.

The goal of cancer research is to understand the causes of cancer, to develop new treatments for cancer, and to prevent cancer.

Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, accounting for 1.8 million deaths per year.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, accounting for 2.1 million cases per year.

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men, accounting for 1.4 million cases per year.

Leukemia is the most common type of cancer in children, accounting for 30% of all childhood cancers.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer, accounting for 1.6 million deaths per year.