The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a treaty that sets out the fundamental human rights and freedoms that all people are entitled to. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 and has been signed by over 190 countries.

The three main types of human rights are civil and political rights, economic, social and cultural rights, and collective rights. Civil and political rights include the right to life, liberty, and security of person; the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; and the right to freedom of expression. Economic, social and cultural rights include the right to work, the right to social security, and the right to education. Collective rights include the right to self-determination and the right to development.

Some of the challenges to human rights in the modern world include poverty, discrimination, and conflict; climate change, environmental degradation, and resource scarcity; and globalization, technology, and the rise of authoritarianism. Poverty is a major challenge to human rights because it can lead to a lack of access to food, water, shelter, and education. Discrimination is a challenge to human rights because it can lead to people being denied their rights based on their race, gender, religion, or other factors. Conflict is a challenge to human rights because it can lead to violence, displacement, and the loss of life. Climate change, environmental degradation, and resource scarcity are challenges to human rights because they can lead to a lack of access to clean water, food, and shelter. Globalization, technology, and the rise of authoritarianism are challenges to human rights because they can lead to the erosion of democracy, the suppression of dissent, and the violation of human rights.

There are a number of things that can be done to promote human rights and social justice. These include educating people about human rights, supporting human rights organizations, and holding governments accountable for their human rights obligations. Educating people about human rights is important because it helps to create awareness of the issue and to build support for human rights initiatives. Supporting human rights organizations is important because these organizations work to protect and promote human rights around the world. Holding governments accountable for their human rights obligations is important because it helps to ensure that governments respect and uphold human rights.

Human rights are universal and inalienable, while social justice is relative and context-dependent. Human rights are focused on the individual, while social justice is focused on the collective. Human rights are legally enforceable, while social justice is not.