Marxism emphasizes the role of class struggle and economic inequality in causing conflict. It argues that conflict is inherent in capitalist societies due to the exploitation of the working class by the capitalist class.

Realism views conflict as a natural and inevitable part of human interaction due to the inherent selfishness and power-seeking nature of individuals and states. It emphasizes the importance of military strength and national security in maintaining peace.

Liberalism emphasizes the role of shared values, norms, and institutions in promoting peace and cooperation. It argues that free trade, democracy, and international cooperation can create a more peaceful and prosperous world.

Constructivism emphasizes the role of social identity and group membership in causing conflict. It argues that individuals and groups construct their identities and interests in relation to others, and these constructions can lead to conflict when they are incompatible.

Pacifism emphasizes the importance of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience as strategies for achieving peace. It rejects the use of violence as a means of resolving conflict and advocates for peaceful means of protest and negotiation.

Conflict Transformation emphasizes the importance of empathy, communication, and cooperation in resolving conflict. It seeks to transform the underlying causes of conflict and build relationships between conflicting parties based on understanding and respect.

Restorative Justice emphasizes the importance of restorative justice and healing in resolving conflict. It seeks to address the harm caused by conflict and promote healing and reconciliation between conflicting parties.

Sustainable Peace emphasizes the importance of addressing the root causes of conflict, such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination, in order to achieve lasting peace. It seeks to create conditions that promote justice, equality, and human security.

Peacebuilding emphasizes the importance of building trust and understanding between conflicting parties through dialogue and negotiation. It seeks to create conditions that promote sustainable peace and prevent the recurrence of conflict.

Collective Security emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and collective security in maintaining peace. It argues that states should work together to prevent and resolve conflicts and to provide security for all.

Disarmament emphasizes the importance of disarmament and arms control in reducing the risk of conflict. It argues that reducing the number of weapons and military forces can help to prevent wars and promote peace.

Peace Education emphasizes the importance of education and cultural exchange in promoting peace and understanding between different cultures. It seeks to teach people about the causes of conflict, the importance of nonviolence, and the skills needed to resolve conflicts peacefully.

Environmental Peacemaking emphasizes the importance of environmental sustainability and resource management in promoting peace and preventing conflict. It argues that environmental degradation and resource scarcity can contribute to conflict and that addressing these issues can help to build peace.

Feminist Peace Theory emphasizes the importance of gender equality and women's empowerment in promoting peace and preventing conflict. It argues that patriarchal structures and gender inequality contribute to conflict and that promoting gender equality can help to build peace.