Regulatory reforms in the financial sector aim to achieve multiple objectives, including promoting economic growth and stability, protecting consumers from financial risks, and ensuring the efficiency and integrity of financial markets.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was enacted in 2010 in response to the 2008 financial crisis. It aimed to prevent future crises by implementing various regulatory reforms, including increased capital requirements for banks, consumer protection measures, and the creation of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

Stress testing is a regulatory tool used to assess the resilience of financial institutions to adverse economic conditions, identify potential systemic risks in the financial system, and evaluate the effectiveness of regulatory policies.

Regulatory innovations in the financial sector include the use of AI for regulatory compliance, the implementation of blockchain technology for secure transactions, and the adoption of open banking standards to promote competition.

Basel III regulatory reforms aim to strengthen the resilience of banks and reduce systemic risk, improve risk management and governance practices in banks, and enhance transparency and disclosure requirements for banks.

The Volcker Rule, part of the Dodd-Frank Act, prohibits banks from engaging in proprietary trading, which is the practice of trading for their own account rather than on behalf of clients.

The CFPB is an independent agency of the United States government that aims to protect consumers from unfair, deceptive, or abusive financial practices, regulate the activities of banks and other financial institutions, and promote financial literacy and education among consumers.

A regulatory sandbox is a designated space where financial institutions can test innovative products and services in a controlled environment, allowing them to experiment with new technologies and business models without facing the full regulatory burden.

The FSOC is a body of regulators in the United States responsible for identifying and addressing systemic risks to the financial system, promoting financial stability, and coordinating regulatory efforts among different agencies.

Macroprudential regulatory tools are designed to address systemic risks in the financial system. Examples include capital requirements for banks, stress testing of financial institutions, and countercyclical capital buffers.

The PSD2 is a European Union directive that aims to promote competition and innovation in the payments industry, enhance the security of electronic payments, and protect consumers from fraud and unauthorized transactions.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments and regulatory authorities implemented various regulatory reforms, including temporary relief from certain regulatory requirements for banks, government-backed loan programs for businesses and individuals, and expansion of unemployment benefits and social safety nets.

The BCBS is an international body of central banks and supervisors that aims to promote the safety and soundness of the global banking system, facilitate cooperation among central banks and supervisors, and develop and implement international banking standards.

In response to the LIBOR scandal, regulatory authorities implemented various reforms, including transition to alternative reference rates for financial contracts, increased oversight of benchmark administrators, and strengthened regulations on conflicts of interest and market manipulation.

The FCA is an independent regulator in the United Kingdom responsible for regulating the conduct of financial institutions and markets, protecting consumers from financial risks, and promoting competition and innovation in the financial sector.