The concept of Atman, or the individual self, is a central concept in Indian philosophy and is often explored in relation to the nature of reality and consciousness.

Advaita Vedanta posits Brahman, the universal consciousness, as the ultimate reality, of which all individual selves (Atman) are a part.

Maya refers to the concept of illusion or the veil of ignorance that obscures the true nature of reality and leads to the perception of duality and separation.

Advaita Vedanta, propounded by Adi Shankara, is known for its non-dualistic perspective, asserting the unity of Atman and Brahman and the illusory nature of the world.

Samsara refers to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, driven by karma, which determines the nature of one's existence in each life.

Anatta, or non-self, is a fundamental concept in Buddhism, emphasizing the absence of a permanent, unchanging self or soul.

Nirvana is the ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing the state of liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth.

Anekantavada, or the doctrine of multiple perspectives, is a key concept in Jainism, emphasizing the idea that reality is multifaceted and can be viewed from different viewpoints.

Syādvāda, or the theory of conditional predication, is a Jain concept that asserts that all statements about reality are true only under certain conditions and perspectives.

Ik Onkar, or the oneness of God, is a fundamental concept in Sikhism, emphasizing the unity and indivisibility of the divine.

Guru Granth Sahib is the holy book of Sikhism, revered as the embodiment of the ten Sikh gurus and containing their teachings and spiritual wisdom.

Spanda, or vibration, is a key concept in Kashmir Shaivism, representing the dynamic and pulsating nature of reality and consciousness.

Pratyabhijña refers to the process of self-recognition, where the individual realizes their true nature as Shiva, the ultimate reality.

Shakti, or divine energy, is a fundamental concept in Tantra, representing the dynamic and creative aspect of reality and consciousness.

Kundalini is often depicted as a coiled serpent at the base of the spine and is associated with the awakening of spiritual energy and consciousness.