Excavation involves the careful removal of soil and other deposits to expose and study archaeological features and artifacts.

Surveying involves the systematic search of an area to identify and record archaeological sites and features.

Remote sensing techniques, such as aerial photography and ground-penetrating radar, allow archaeologists to study archaeological sites and features without physically excavating them.

Artifact analysis involves the study and interpretation of artifacts to learn about past cultures and behaviors.

Radiocarbon dating is a common method used to date organic materials by measuring the decay of radioactive carbon-14.

Stratigraphy is the study of the sequence of layers in an archaeological site, which can provide information about the site's history and development.

Dendrochronology is the study of tree rings to date archaeological materials, as tree rings can provide information about past climate and environmental conditions.

Typological analysis is the process of classifying and organizing artifacts based on their physical characteristics, such as shape, size, and material.

Spatial analysis is a common method used to study the spatial distribution of artifacts and features in an archaeological site, which can provide information about past activities and behaviors.

Paleoecology is the process of reconstructing past environments based on archaeological evidence, such as plant and animal remains.

Zooarchaeology is a common method used to study the diet of past populations by analyzing animal bones and other remains found at archaeological sites.

Paleobotany is the study of ancient plant remains, such as pollen, seeds, and wood, which can provide information about past environments and human-plant interactions.

Micropaleontology is a common method used to study the microscopic remains of plants and animals in archaeological sediments, which can provide information about past environments and human activities.

Geoarchaeology is the study of the geological and environmental context of archaeological sites, which can provide information about past landscapes and human-environment interactions.

X-ray Fluorescence is a common method used to study the chemical composition of archaeological materials by exposing them to X-rays and measuring the resulting fluorescence.