A retaining wall is a structure designed to hold back a mass of soil or other material and prevent it from moving or collapsing.

Gabion walls are relatively easy to construct and can be used for small-scale projects. They consist of wire baskets filled with stones or other materials.

Diaphragm walls are used to create watertight barriers in the ground. They are typically made of concrete or steel and are installed using a trenchless construction method.

Arch dams are known for their curved shape and ability to withstand high water pressure. They are typically made of concrete and are constructed in narrow valleys.

Cofferdams are temporary structures used to create a dry working area for construction in water. They are typically made of sheet piles, steel, or concrete.

Rockfill dams are constructed using compacted soil or rockfill materials. They are typically used in areas with limited access to concrete or other construction materials.

Geotextiles are used as filters in earth structures to prevent the migration of fine soil particles into coarser soil layers, which can lead to clogging and reduced drainage.

Gravity walls are characterized by their triangular cross-section and ability to resist overturning forces. They are typically made of concrete or masonry and rely on their own weight for stability.

Grout curtains are used to create watertight barriers in the ground, preventing the flow of water through cracks or joints in the soil or rock.

Zoned earth dams are constructed using a combination of earth and rockfill materials, with different zones designed to serve specific functions, such as providing stability, drainage, and seepage control.

Sheet pile walls are used to create watertight barriers in the ground, preventing the flow of water through cracks or joints in the soil or rock.

Cantilever walls are characterized by their vertical face and reliance on external supports, such as anchors or tiebacks, for stability. They are typically made of concrete or steel.

Buttresses are used to provide additional support to retaining walls, particularly in cases where the wall is subjected to high lateral earth pressures.

Homogeneous earth dams are constructed using a homogeneous mixture of soil materials, typically clay or silt, and are designed to resist seepage and erosion.

Toe drains are used to collect and drain water from behind a retaining wall, preventing the buildup of hydrostatic pressure and potential failure of the wall.