Manufacturing automation aims to improve production efficiency by automating repetitive and labor-intensive tasks, resulting in increased productivity and reduced production time.

Manual automation involves human operators directly controlling and performing tasks in the manufacturing process, whereas fixed, programmable, and flexible automation are all forms of automated manufacturing systems.

Robots in manufacturing automation are primarily used to perform repetitive and monotonous tasks with high precision and consistency, freeing up human workers for more complex and value-added activities.

Manufacturing automation typically leads to reduced labor costs, improved product quality, and enhanced worker safety, but it may not necessarily increase production flexibility, as some automated systems may be less adaptable to changes in production requirements.

Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) refers to the integration of automation and information technology in manufacturing, enabling the seamless flow of data and communication between different manufacturing processes and systems.

Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) typically consist of CNC machines, automated material handling systems, and programmable logic controllers (PLCs), while human operators are not considered key components of an FMS.

Sensors in manufacturing automation are primarily used to monitor and control various aspects of production processes, such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, and product quality, enabling real-time adjustments and optimization.

Collaborative robots, also known as cobots, are a relatively new type of robot designed to work alongside human workers in a shared workspace, while articulated, Cartesian, and SCARA robots are commonly used in manufacturing automation.

The primary advantage of using robots in manufacturing automation is increased productivity, as robots can operate continuously without fatigue, perform tasks with high precision and speed, and work in hazardous or repetitive environments.

Manufacturing automation typically leads to improved worker safety by reducing exposure to hazardous tasks and repetitive motions, while high initial investment costs, the need for skilled labor, and reduced flexibility are common challenges associated with automation implementation.

Manufacturing automation design (MAD) refers to the process of designing and implementing automated manufacturing systems, including the selection and integration of equipment, robots, and control systems.

Automated material handling systems (AMHS) primarily focus on improving material flow and efficiency, reducing labor costs, and increasing production flexibility, while product quality is typically influenced by other factors such as production processes and quality control measures.

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are primarily responsible for controlling the sequence of operations in a manufacturing process, based on a predefined program, and coordinating the actions of various machines and devices.

Computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and computer-aided engineering (CAE) are key elements of a computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) system, while automated material handling systems (AMHS) are typically considered a separate component of manufacturing automation.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) refers to the integration of manufacturing automation and information technology, enabling real-time data sharing, remote monitoring, and decision-making through interconnected sensors, devices, and systems.