Genetic Engineering involves the deliberate modification of an organism's genetic material to introduce new traits or alter existing ones.

Restriction Enzymes are enzymes that recognize and cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

Ti plasmid is a naturally occurring plasmid found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which is used as a vector for gene transfer in plants.

Transgenic Organism, Recombinant Organism, and Genetically Modified Organism are all terms used to describe organisms that have had their genetic material altered through genetic engineering.

Transformation is the process of introducing foreign DNA into a host organism's genome, typically through chemical or physical methods.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence by repeatedly copying it using a thermostable DNA polymerase.

Gene Editing, Genome Editing, and CRISPR-Cas9 are all terms used to describe the technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to the DNA of living organisms.

Environmental Impact, Food Safety, and Loss of Biodiversity are all ethical concerns that are often raised regarding the use of genetic engineering in agriculture.

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is an international agreement that aims to ensure the safe and responsible use of biotechnology, particularly focusing on the transboundary movement of living modified organisms.

Gene Therapy, Protein Engineering, and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology are all applications of genetic engineering that involve the production of therapeutic proteins in living organisms.

Transduction is the process of transferring genes from one organism to another using a virus as a vector.

Gel Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size by applying an electric current to a gel containing the DNA samples.

Conjugation is the process of transferring genes from one organism to another using a bacterium as a vector.

Genetically Modified Crops are plants that have been altered using genetic engineering techniques to improve their traits, such as resistance to pests or herbicides.

Transformation is the process of transferring genes from one organism to another using a plasmid as a vector.