The primary objective of the WTO is to promote free trade among its member countries by reducing trade barriers and ensuring that trade flows smoothly, predictably, and without discrimination.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established under the Havana Charter, which was signed in 1948 but never entered into force. GATT served as the de facto international agreement governing trade relations among its member countries until it was replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.

The principle of non-discrimination in international trade law encompasses all of the above options. It requires countries to treat all other countries equally in trade, regardless of their economic development status, political systems, or any other factors.

A trade agreement is a legally binding contract between two or more countries that aims to reduce or eliminate trade barriers, promote trade, and establish rules and regulations governing trade between the parties.

The most common types of trade barriers include tariffs (taxes on imported goods), quotas (limits on the quantity of goods that can be imported), and subsidies (financial assistance to domestic producers).

The dispute settlement mechanism in the WTO is designed to resolve trade disputes between member countries, ensure that countries comply with WTO rules and regulations, and promote free trade among member countries.

A tariff is a tax imposed on goods imported into a country, while a quota is a restriction on the quantity of goods that can be imported into a country.

The most-favored-nation (MFN) principle in international trade law requires countries to treat all other countries equally in trade, regardless of their economic development status, political systems, or any other factors.

The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement aims to protect intellectual property rights in international trade, promote innovation and creativity, and ensure that intellectual property rights are not abused.

In a free trade area, goods can move freely between member countries without tariffs or quotas, but each country maintains its own external tariffs. In a customs union, goods can move freely between member countries without tariffs or quotas, and member countries have a common external tariff.

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) aims to liberalize trade in services, promote economic growth and development, and create a more transparent and predictable environment for trade in services.

A bilateral trade agreement is an agreement between two countries, while a multilateral trade agreement is an agreement between more than two countries.

The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) aims to reduce or eliminate technical barriers to trade, ensure that technical regulations are not used as a means of protectionism, and promote the use of international standards.

A trade remedy is a measure taken to protect a domestic industry from unfair trade practices, such as dumping or subsidies, while a safeguard measure is a measure taken to protect a domestic industry from a sudden increase in imports that causes or threatens to cause serious injury to the domestic industry.

The Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) aims to reduce or eliminate trade-related investment measures that are inconsistent with the GATT, ensure that trade-related investment measures are not used as a means of protectionism, and promote foreign direct investment.