The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, flourished in the Indus River Valley from 2500 to 1900 BCE. It is renowned for its well-organized cities, intricate water management systems, and advanced knowledge of metallurgy.

Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, ascended to the throne in 268 BCE and is considered one of the greatest rulers in Indian history. He is known for his military conquests, his embrace of Buddhism, and his promotion of peace and non-violence.

Samudragupta, who ruled from 335 to 375 CE, is widely regarded as the greatest ruler of the Gupta Empire. He was a skilled military leader, a patron of the arts and sciences, and his reign marked a period of prosperity and cultural flourishing.

Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former slave of Muhammad of Ghor, established the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 CE. He was a capable military leader and administrator who laid the foundation for the sultanate's rule over northern India.

Akbar, who ruled from 1556 to 1605 CE, is considered the greatest Mughal emperor. He was a skilled military leader, a tolerant and just ruler, and a patron of the arts and sciences. His reign marked a period of peace, prosperity, and cultural synthesis.

The British East India Company, a joint-stock company, was founded in 1600 with the purpose of trading with the East Indies. It gradually expanded its political and military power in India, eventually becoming the dominant force on the subcontinent.

The Indian National Congress, a political party advocating for Indian independence from British rule, was founded in 1885. It played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement and has been a dominant force in Indian politics since independence.

The Government of India Act of 1935 was a major constitutional reform implemented by the British government in India. It introduced provincial autonomy and expanded the franchise, but also strengthened the central government's control over certain areas.

India gained independence from British rule on August 15, 1947, after a long and arduous struggle for freedom. This day is celebrated as Independence Day in India and marks the birth of the Republic of India.

The Constitution of India, which is the supreme law of the land, came into effect on January 26, 1950. This day is celebrated as Republic Day in India and marks the transition from a dominion to a republic.

The Green Revolution, a period of rapid agricultural growth and modernization, began in India in the 1960s. It involved the introduction of high-yielding crop varieties, improved irrigation techniques, and the use of fertilizers and pesticides.

The economic liberalization policies, which aimed to reduce government control over the economy and promote private sector growth, were initiated in India in 1991. These policies led to significant changes in the structure and growth trajectory of the Indian economy.

The Right to Information Act, a landmark legislation promoting transparency and accountability in governance, was enacted in India in 2005. It empowers citizens to request information from government bodies and holds them accountable for providing timely and accurate information.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST), a major tax reform aimed at unifying indirect taxes across the country, was implemented in India in 2017. It replaced various state and central taxes with a single, comprehensive tax system.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, had a profound impact on India starting in 2020. It led to widespread health, economic, and social disruptions, necessitating government interventions and public health measures.